HOW TO THINK LIKE A KNOWLEDGE WORKER
A guide to the mindset needed
to perform competent
knowledge work.
-Mike Leslie, THE MAGICAL PERSONALITY
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perpetuity by William Patterson Sheridan
HOW TO THINK LIKE A KNOWLEDGE WORKER
A guide to the mindset needed to perform
competent knowledge work
William Patterson Sheridan
Advisor on Knowledge Management
Informetrica Limited
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
The United Nations Public Administration Network
Two UN Plaza, Room DC2-1756
New York, NY 10017, USA
Printed and bound in Ottawa, Canada
the author at work
Copyright©William Sheridan
First edition 2008
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perpetuity by
William Patterson Sheridan.
ISBN: 978-0-9810814-0-3
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Preface
The Human Knowledge MindMap, the core construct of this book, was
developed over a 35-
year period.In most
cases however the on-the-job training was only partially
transferred — the way most people manage their own technology, data
and information is quite
amateurish and sloppy.Therefore, “think work™ is a component of
“knowledge
work,” specifically the information processing part — the other
part is the “informed action” part.
William Sheridan
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How To Think Like A Knowledge Worker
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION.
Realism — Tolerance — Pragmatism .
Occurrence
Uses of Methodology
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PART III:
Personal
Hedonism.
Which'
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PART VI: INFERENTIAL OPERATOR!
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Don’t miss this
INTRODUCTION
This book is about HOW to think, not WHAT to think.We
all do all three to some extent — but most people emphasize one of
the three, and de-
emphasize the other two.But for this to work,
you have to keep the concepts in mind (or the diagram in
front of you) whenever you do knowledge work.
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Benjamin Franklin’s Response to a Request for Advice
To Joseph Priestly London, September 19, 1772
In the affair of so much importance to you, wherein you ask my
advice, I cannot for want
to sufficient premises, advise you what to determine, but if you
please I will tell you how.
Wishing sincerely that you may determine for the best, I am ever,
my dear friend, yours
most affectionately,
Ben Franklin
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HOW TO USE THE MINDMAP
What is it?Jerry
Rhodes
ACT OF CREATION LATERAL THINKING CONCEPTUAL TOOLMAKING
Arkana, London, 1989 [1964] Penguin, London, 1971 Blackwell,
Oxford, 1991
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1.
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A Generic Strategy For De-coding Issues and Messages
All of human culture is written in code — this is the conclusion of
Structural Anthropologists based on
their numerous case studies of all types of cultures throughout the
20" century.Every concept on this
list
represents some aspect of every topic — you have
to choose which aspects to prioritize — there are
always perspectival, valuational, categorical, and
appreciative aspects to every issue — which aspects
will you focus on, and why?
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What is the larger purpose?
References
(Conceptual Pragmatism) (Cognitive Economy) (Pinball
Methodology)
Clarence Irving Lewis Nicholas Rescher James Burke
MIND & THE WORLD ORDER COGNITIVE ECONOMY THE PINBALL
EFFECT
Dover Books, Mineola, 1991 Pittsburgh UP, Pittsburgh, 1989 Little,
Brown & Co., Boston, 1996
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Original Construction Deconstruction
z R z
>
\ \ q P w
X—w
X y
R\ /z
Reformulation X2 —— q—X2 —p
Reconstruction
W/\
MindMap Methodology: Concept R&D
As encountered in messages from a variety of sources (conversation,
text, etc.), a construct may
consist of several concepts, related to each other in a variety of
ways, depending on the context.Whereupon
this newly reformulated concept may then be
used as a basis to reassemble the entire construct, but in a way
that brings new order, generality,
explication or whatever to the entire ensemble of
ideas.Then proceed
with the following steps:
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1.A good
way to proceed with this more expanded goal, is to read the
reference books mentioned in each of
the concept pages, and then begin using your new insights to find
additional materials, and/or to
apply your accumulating schemata to what you read or otherwise
find.If your interests in, or concerns with
issues are not sufficient to motivate the cognitive effort to
master and apply the Concept R&D
methodology, then this MindMap is not for you — you will be wasting
your time with it.
References
Edward de Bono Andre Kukla
THE HAPPINESS PURPOSE MENTAL TRAPS
Penguin Books, London, 1990 Doubleday Canada, Toronto, 2006
Wesley Vestal Gary Klein
MAPPING KNOWLEDGE WORKING MINDS
APQC Publications, Houston, 2005 MIT Press, Cambridge, 2006
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THE MINDMAP RATIONALE
When receiving information (watching, reading;Little or none of this may be explicit however
— it is the
task of the reflective practitioner to begin to deconstruct the
conversation in real time and identify the
premises as they are articulated.In other
words, being an active listener takes some real, and
continuous effort, and considerable practice — you have to pay
attention, AND try and make sense of
the incoming messages.Wheeler
HOW TO SPEAK, HOW TO LISTEN DECONSTRUCTION AS
Touchstone Books, New York, 1997 ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY
Stanford UP, Stanford, 2000
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cognitivity Phenomenology: (how we perceive experience)
attention
(1) presence vs.aversion
affectivity
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Patterson Sheridan
REALISM — TOLERANCE —~ PRAGMATISM
Conventional wisdom in philosophy and most other scholastic
subjects, raises a number of
objections to any attempt to create a new architectonic for
post-modern thought.
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PARTI
PERSPECTIVITY
What is perspectivity?Davis
TERMS OF INQUIRY
Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2005
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EPISTEMOLOGY
What is epistemology?Sparkes Nicholas Rescher
TALKING PHILOSOPHY REALISM AND PRAGMATIC EPISTEMOLOGY
Routledge, London, 1991 Pittsburgh University Press, Pittsburgh,
2005
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EMPIRICISM
What is empiricism?Stephens
FOUNDATIONS OF EMPIRICAL KNOWLEDGE = HYPOTHESES &
EVIDENCE
Macmillan, London, 1951 Thomas Crowell, New York, 1968
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RATIONALISM
What is rationalism?
References
Stephen Toulmin
RETURN TO REASON
Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 2001
John Searle
RATIONALITY IN ACTION
MIT Press, Cambridge, 2003
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CONSTRUCTIVISM
What is constructivism?
References
Arthur Koestler Jerry Rhodes
THE ACT OF CREATION CONCEPTUAL TOOLMAKING
Arkana, London, 1989 [1964] Blackwell, Oxford, 1991
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PRACTICE IN USING EPISTEMOLOGIES
This section on Epistemology covers the three archetypes of
knowing, namely Empiricism,
Rationalism, and Constructivism.It is conceivable that a particular instance
of evidence
can meet all of the standards of good collecting and reporting that
one could hope for — but in the
vast majority of cases, not likely!
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ONTOLOGY
What is ontology?Sparkes
TALKING PHILOSOPHY
Routledge, London, 1991
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MATERIALISM
What is materialism?
References
Michael Brian Schiffer
THE MATERIAL LIFE OF HUMAN BEINGS
Routledge, New York, 1999
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20
IDEALISM
What is idealism?Sorokin John
Searle
SOCIOCULTURAL CAUSALITY, SPACE, TIME THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION
OF
Russell & Russell, New York, 1964 [1943] OF REALITY
The Free Press, New York, 1997
Jean Baudrillard
FOR A CRITIQUE OF THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF THE SIGN
Telos Press, New York, 1981
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BEHAVIOURISM
What is behaviourism?
References
Stephen Ray Flora
THE POWER OF REINFORCEMENT
SUNY Press, Albany, 2004
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22
PRACTICE IN EXAMINING ONTOLOGIES
This section on Ontology covers the three archetypes of being,
namely Materialism, Idealism,
and Behaviourism.
In the case of Behaviourism, ask yourself “What about those aspects
of reality that are not
susceptible to conditioning — such as gravity, or electricity, or
entropy.” Behaviourism applies to
any organism, because they can all, to one extent or another, learn
from interaction with their
environments — even plants bend towards the sunlight.
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KINEOLOGY
What is kineology?Glossop
PHILOSOPHY: An Introduction to Its Problems and Vocabulary
Delta Books, New York, 1974
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DETERMINISM
What is determinism?
Reference
Mario Bunge
CAUSALITY
Meridian Books, New York, 1963
William Ascher & William Overhold
STRATEGIC PLANNING AND FORECASTING
John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1983
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25
EXISTENTIALISM
What is existentialism?Palmer Thomas
R._Flynn
KIERKEGAARD FOR BEGINNERS EXISTENTIALISM
Writers and Readers, New York, 1996 Oxford University Press, New
York, 2006
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FUNCTIONALISM
What is functionalism?Pepper
A DIGEST OF PURPOSIVE VALUES
University of California Press, Berkeley, 1947
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27
PRACTICE IN USING KINEOLOGIES
This section on Kineology covers the three archetypes of changing,
namely Determinism,
Existentialism, and Functionalism.Ask for, or
look for the way the “purpose” is supposed to
work — how do facts, events, processes, and forces interact and
interlock to give the string of
outcomes that produces the plan over time?
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PART II
METHODOLOGY
What is methodology?Bowker & Susan
Tall
Leigh Star
SORTING THINGS OUT
MIT Press, Cambridge, 1999
Short
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HOMOLOGY
What is homology?Howard EXPERIMENTATION:
An Intoduction to
CONCEPTS AND SCHEMATA Measurement Theory and Experimental
Design
Cassell Educational, London, 1987 Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs,
1962
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MACRO
What is macro homology?If a person
is looking at the colouring and size of figurines
(or instances of any other standardized product), then differences
in materials from which they
were fashioned may not count against homology at all — if some are
made of plastic and others of
ceramic, but all have the same size and colouring, these two
aspects may be enough for a
judgment of macro homology.Therefore it would be appropriate to append
all such
matching with the phrase “for the purposes of this comparison...” —
this is certainly the implicit
qualifier that actually accompanies comparing.
References
Ramon Henkel Karen Petherick
TESTS OF SIGNIFICANCE STATISTICS AND DATA ANALYSIS
Sage Publications, Newbury Park, 1976 Coles Publishing, Toronto,
2005
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MESO
What is meso homology?UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLES OF
DESIGN
William Kaufmann, Inc., Los Altos, 1978 Rockport Publishers,
Gloucester, 2003
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MICRO
What is micro homology?They believe (and considerable evidence
supports them) that nano design will give more effective products
whose functionality is at the
microscopic level — medicines and supplements that can absorb
faster and work better;Palmer Eric
Drexler
HERMENEUTICS ENGINES OF CREATION
Northwestern University Press, Evanston, 1969 Anchor Books, Garden
City, 1987
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ANALOGY
What is analogy?
References
John Dewey Edward De Bono
THE QUEST FOR CERTAINTY LATERAL THINKING
Putnam, New York, 1960 [1929] Perennial, New York, 1973
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FACADE
What is an analogous fagade?A “rubber duck” is not
really a duck, although it may resemble a duck in
certain limited respects — it is a duck by analogy.SHAPING
THINGS
Academy Chicago Publishers, Chicago, 1985 MIT Press, Cambridge,
2005
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35
PERFORMANCE
What are analogous performances?
References
Virginia Postrel George Lakoff & Mark Johnson
THE SUBSTANCE OF STYLE METAPHORS WE LIVE BY
Harper Perennial, New York, 2004 Chicago University Press, Chicago,
1980
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OUTCOME
What are analogous outcomes?The processes or
techniques which
produced these outcomes need not be identical or similar in any way
— a “successful” robbery
and a “successful” rescue may both still be considered
“successes.”
The most problematic analogous outcomes are of a functional
nature.In
theory, practice follows theory — in practice it
doesn’t.A more benign rendition
is
usually used for symbolic contests — “strive to be number one” or
“let’s climb that Everest!”
Here too however, what are usually advocated are only the outcomes
and not the processes.Horowitz Larry May
THE LOGIC OF SOCIAL CONTROL THE SOCIALLY RESPONSIVE SELF
Plenum Publishing, New York, 1990 Chicago University Press,
Chicago, 1996
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DICHOTOMY
What is dichotomy?
References
Spencer Brown
LAWS OF FORM
Crown Publishing, London, 1972
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LOCATION
What are dichotomous locations?it may be the people and their
language, their religion, their ethnicity or their eccentricities —
but whatever it is that makes
another location distinct, the uncomfortable feeling one gets from
being in an unfamiliar place
may persist for prolonged periods of time.Government services are
provided according to location — people in
different locations are eligible for different
provisions.As citizens and consumers, people need to
be
aware of the geographical implications of their residential and
work locations, as well as their
travelling patterns and leisure activities — living on a flood
plain can result in ruinous water
damage;
References
Yi-fu Tuan Robert David Sack
TOPOPHILIA: The Sense of Place HUMAN TERRITORALITY
Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1974 Cambridge University Press,
New York, 1986
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OCCURRENCE
What is dichotomous occurrence?
Since a considerable proportion of our activities are scheduled by
the clock (waking time,
breakfast time, work time, coffee time, lunch time, training time,
quitting time, supper time, TV
time, bed time, wintertime, summertime, vacation time, etc.), we
have to know what happens
when, and conduct ourselves accordingly.Doing more and more things is not the
same as achieving worthwhile objectives — so keeping track of time
should be seen as a means to
enabling accomplishments, rather than of pushing oneself beyond
reasonable limits.May
EVENT HISTORY ANALYSIS THINKING IN TIME
Sage Publications, Newbury Park, 1984 The Free Press, New York,
1986
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40
QUALITY
What are dichotomous qualities?But this
concern cuts both ways — by recognizing when
such discrimination exists, it may be possible to take steps to
alleviate it.Bailey Geoffrey Bowker
& Susan Star
TYPOLOGIES AND TAXONOMIES SORTING THINGS OUT
Sage Publications, Thousand Oakes, 1994 MIT Press, Cambridge,
1999
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41
USES OF METHODOLOGY
This section on Methodology covers the three sorting archetypes
Homology, Analogy
and Dichotomy.middling big
enormous
Disaggregation
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PART III
AXIOLOGY
What is axiology?
¢ Academic Press, New York, 1998
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43
PERSONAL
What are personal principles?Sometimes
confusion arises because of the claim that ALL principles
are personal since it is persons who hold them - according to this
proposition, because persons hold
principles, therefore all principles are personal.
References
Anthony Giddens Michael Argyle
MODERNITY AND SELF-IDENTITY The Psychology of Interpersonal
Behaviour
Stanford University Press, Stanford, 1991 Penguin Books, London,
1994
Martin Seligman
AUTHENTIC HAPPINESS
The Free Press, New York, 2004
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HEDONISM
What is hedonism?Papanek
DESIGN FOR HUMAN SCALE
Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, 1983
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45
EGOISM
What is egoism?Nosich
THE LONGEVITY STRATEGY LEARNING TO THINK THINGS THROUGH
John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1998 Pearson Prentice Hall,
Toronto, 2005
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46
ENTREPRENEURIALISM
What is entrepreneurialism?Allenby
INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY
Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, 1999
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47
SOCIAL
What are social principles?Sometimes confusion arises because of the
claim
that ALL principles are personal since it is persons who hold them
- according to this proposition,
because persons hold principles therefore all principles are
personal.
Reference
Jeremy Bentham
AN INTRODUCTION TO THE PRINCIPLES OF MORALS AND LEGISLATION
Methuen & Company, London, 1982 [1789]
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ALTRUISM
What is altruism?
Reference
Stephen Toulmin
THE ROLE OF REASON IN ETHICS
Cambridge University Press, London, 1951
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COLLECTIVISM
What is collectivism?
Academic Press, New York, 1998
Martin Innes
UNDERSTANDING SOCIAL CONTROL
Open University Press, Buckingham, 2003
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50
ELITISM
What is elitism?
References
Kenichi Ohmae
THE MIND OF THE STRATEGIST
Penguin, New York, 1982
Richard Koch
THE 80/20 INDIVIDUAL
Doubleday, New York, 2003
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TRANSCENDENTAL
What are transcendental principles?
Reference
Jack Gibbs
CONTROL: SOCIOLOGY'S CENTRAL NOTION
University of Illinois Press, Chicago, 1989
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52
THEISM
What is theism?Perhaps the time has
come for a God that does encompass all of humanity,
generous rather than selfish, and forgiving rather than punitive —
a God for tomorrow.Neale Donald
Walsch
GLOBAL RELIGIONS TOMORROW'’S GOD
Oxford University Press, New York, 2003 Atria Books, New York,
2004
Sam Harris
THE END OF FAITH
W.W.Norton, New York, 2004
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53
HUMANISM
What is humanism?Norton, New York, 1988
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ENVIRONMENTALISM
What is environmentalism?Tainter
THE COLLAPSE OF COMPLEX SOCIETIES
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1988
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55
PRACTICE IN USING AXIOLOGY
This section on Axiology covers the three archetypes of valuing,
namely Personal, Social,
and Transcendental.Your needs may be basic
in
nature, but what you want to satisfy them has been learned — the
questions are how, when, where,
and why?During this process, do
NOT treat your wishes and desires as sacrosanct — just as you
learned to want certain things, you can unlearn, and that may be in
your own best interests in
some cases.Your
responsibility
to yourself is to look after your own best interests — and YOU are
the expert here!With different people,
or in varying situations, these criteria will also
change, or be given different priority — people usually behave
differently with friends and family
than with strangers or acquaintances.Usually there are
inconsistencies, and
trade-offs between your own interests and that of others — once
identified, are these outcomes the
ones you expected or want?
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PART IV
SEMIOLOGY
What is semiology?
Reference
Suzanne Langer Paul Cobley & Litza Jansz
MIND: An Essay on Human Feeling SEMIOTICS FOR BEGINNERS
Johns Hopkins UP, Baltimore, 1988 Icon Books, Cambridge, 1997
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57
ROMANTICISM
What is romanticism?
References
Ayn Rand Duncan Heath & Judy Boreham
THE ROMANTIC MANIFESTO INTRODUCING ROMANTICISM
Signet Books, New York, 1971 Icon Books, Cambridge, 1999
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58
IMPROVISATION
What is aesthetic improvisation?The
innovation process will inevitably change some of the features and
characteristics of previous
modes — if these existing forms have been copyrighted, trademarked,
or patented, the property
rights in these versions may inhibit or disallow changes to
them.
References
Stephen Nachmanovitch John MacDonald
FREE PLAY: Improvisation in Life and Art CALLING A HALT TO MINDLESS
CHANGE
Jeremy Tarcher, San Francisco, 1991 AMACOM, New York, 1998
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MORALE
What is an aesthetic morale?In the novel they
actually succeed — in real life this outcome would be very
unlikely, because, as in other strikes, a
group of strike-breakers would cross picket lines and undermine the
efforts of the strikers, the
President would undoubtedly declare Martial Law, and the Military
would operate the basic
infrastructure as a police state.
References
Ziauddin Sardar & Borin Van Loon Ziauddin Sardar & Borin
Van Loon
INTRODUCING CULTURAL STUDIES INTRODUCING MEDIA STUDIES
Icon Books, Cambridge, 1997 Icon Books, Cambridge, 2000
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60
GENRE
What are aesthetic genres?There may syncretism in modalities, in
which, for example, a Murder Mystery is set in the Country &
Western music business — but in
that case a blend of elements from both templates will be
expected.One renowned writer of
action thrillers
acknowledged some years ago that his themes, plots, vocabulary and
characters were created
solely to appeal to the market that bought those kinds of books —
and using his income as a
standard, he did very well by this template.Other artists struggle with some innovative
or
unconventional mode — what they are attempting to do, in fact, is
to create a new artistic market,
and it is often quite a struggle (James Joyce’s “flow of
consciousness” novels are an example, as
are Edgar Allan Poe’s stories that blend mystery and
esoterica).
References
Heather Dubrow Michael Batterberry
GENRE TWENTIETH CENTURY ART
Methuen, London, 1982 McGraw-Hill, New York, 1969
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POPULISM
What is populism?
Reference
Norbert Elias Dani Cavallaro & Carline Vago-Hughes
THE SYMBOL THEORY ART FOR BEGINNERS
Sage Publications, London, 1991 Writers and Readers Publishing, New
York, 2000
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INSPIRATION
What is aesthetic inspiration?The notion that
inspiration is always positive is just wishful thinking — but for
better or worse, it can stimulate
thinking and motivate change.The
inspiration that people take may vary from person to
person, incident to incident, and time to time — what was once a
positive inspiration may later
turn into a negative one, or visa-versa.
References
Rosamund Stone Zunder & Benjamin Zander
THE ART OF POSSIBILITY: Transforming Professional and Personal
Life
Penguin Books, New York, 2000
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63
ENTERTAINMENT
What is the role of entertainment?Marshall
McLuhan called this The Reversal Effect — humanity
has a tendency to overuse all forms of media to such an extent that
what begins as a benefit
eventually ends up as a detriment.Cialdini Neil
Postman
INFLUENCE: The Science and Practice AMUSING OURSELVES TO
DEATH
Allyn & Bacon, Boston, 2001 Penguin Books, New York, 1985
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64
CATHARSIS
What is aesthetic catharsis?However, modern
psychological research has uncovered a down-side of this
psycho-social projection — people who
let out or act out their emotions this way may become habituated to
the cycle of excitement and
release, so much so that the emotions’ intensity and longevity
increases rather than decreases.Many actors make a
career out of using their personality, their skills, and
their
props to “own the part” of a particular example or type of stage
character — Leonard Nimoy as
“Mr. Spock”, Jack Palance playing a cross-section of reprehensible
villains, Christopher Reeves
as “Superman,” etc.and Anthony Hopkins as
Hannibal Lector, a psychopath with only one redeeming
quality (his intolerance of rudeness!) Effective heroes are truly
admirable — William Shatner as
James T.
Worth Publishers, New York, 2001 Fontana Press, London, 1988
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FORMALISM
What is formalism?
Reference
Suzanne Langer Northrop Frye
FEELING AND FORM ANATOMY OF CRITICISM
Scribner Book Company, New York, 1977 Princeton University Press,
Princeton, 1957
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COMEDY
What is the aesthetic role of comedy?Currently on American television, the
best
comedy, and the best news program, and the best on-going puncture
of pomposity, are one and
the same, namely John Stewart’s The Daily Show — none of the
network news can hold a candle
to it!Something else which comedy
does particularly well, is to show the unanticipated and unintended
consequences of either
benevolently or malevolently motivated actions — “no good deed goes
unpunished,” so “be
careful what you wish for.” Thirdly, comedy is often an opportunity
to “see ourselves as others
see us” but without the embarrassment of having the audience’s own
shortcomings publicly
exposed.
Vintage Books, New York, 1973 [1965] University of Arizona Press,
Tucson, 1997
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67
IRONY
What is aesthetic irony?As
the (Rolling Stones’) song says, “You don’t always get what you
want, but sometimes you get
what you need...” —and sometimes you don’t even get that — whereas
other times you get far
more than you might ever need.The
phrase “There is no free lunch™ need not be a code-word for
removing social benefits from the
poor or needy — rather what it affirms is that someone must pay for
the cost of the service.INTRODUCING
POSTMODERNISM
Methuen, New York, 1982 Icon Books, Cambridge, 1995
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68
TRAGEDY
What is the point of tragic aesthetics?Things do
not always work out well — over the course of a career
or a life-time there are bound to be some failures and
disappointments.304 in
DICTIONARY OF PHILOSOPHY THE PHILOSOPHER'S DICTIONARY
Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2005 Broadview Press,
Peterborough, 2003
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69
USES OF SEMIOLOGY
This section on Semiology covers the three aesthetic archetypes,
namely
Romanticism, Populism and Formalism.
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70
PARTV
QUINTESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
What is a question?MacKay John Bruin
Norbert Elias
INFORMATION, MECHANISM ~ HOMO INTERROGANS THE SYMBOL THEORY
AND MEANING Ottawa U P, Ottawa, 2001 Sage Publications, London,
1991
MIT Press, Cambridge, 1969
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WHO?is asking
about recognition — identify the
person or group on the basis of a name, a role, a status,
etc.
University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1998 Princeton UP, Princeton,
2006
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7
WHAT?It could be
rhetorical — a desire for affirmation or
confirmation of something already known, but perhaps needing
emphasis.People usually want a short and simple
reply, to bridge their information gap — they will be impatient
with “wider” explanations,
but the result will be “rote learning” rather than meaningful
understanding.
Contemporary Books, Chicago, 1983 Princeton UP, Princeton,
2006
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72
WHEN?
and Calendars in Social Life Princeton UP, Princeton, 2006
California UP, Berkeley, 1981
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73
WHENCE?People want
to know not only who you are, but
the route by which you arrived amongst them — have a little story
ready.Where you were born,
your
immediate family and distant relatives, the schools you went to,
the sports you played,
the early jobs wherein you learned life skills and street smarts —
all this, and more, is grist
for the mill of social identity.
Johns Hopkins UP, Baltimore, 1999 Princeton UP, Princeton,
2006
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74
WHERE?HUMAN TERRITORALITY
Princeton UP, Princeton, 2006 Cambridge UP, New York, 1986
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75
WHITHER?People want
to know not only who you are, but the
objectives you have as you journey amongst them — have another
story ready.Where they plan to
be,
what they plan to do, the results they expect to achieve, the
benefits they hope to enjoy,
the detriments they wish to avoid — all this, and more, supposedly
indicates the kind of
person you are and how things will turn out.may simply be looking
for
someone to share the road with — if you have similar objectives or
destinations, perhaps
you would like their company?
Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, 1978 Princeton UP, Princeton, 2006
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76
WHETHER?THE PARADOX OF CHOICE
MPrinceton UP, Princeton, 2006 Harper Perennial, New York,
2005
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7
WHICH?Either the
time, or the situation is appropriate for the
choice or decision to be made — no more stalling, debating,
pondering or calculating.The
decisions or choices you either have made, or are
about to make, could very possibly shock a great many people UNTIL
you warn them
they are about to be shocked — then they will slough off the whole
thing and that’s it.OF THE 21°" CENTURY
Princeton UP, Princeton, 2006 HarperBusiness, New York, 1999
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78
WHY?When used in this way, this
is the ultimate question, to which there are only interim answers —
beyond a few
repetitions, such questioning itself stops making
sense.The aim of
questioning (and the philosophy behind
it) is to solicit information — otherwise you are wasting
somebody’s time and patience.Icon Books, Cambridge, 2001
Princeton UP, Princeton, 2006
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79
HOW?To some
extent, the shift of priority from the other
questions to this one is a hallmark of the modern age — it grounds
science & technology.Itis
epitomized by a cautionary tale from industrial engineering: when
someone comes up
with a better designed car engine, the only way a manufacturer will
agree to evaluate it is
if a working model is submitted — any such claims must be
substantiated with proof of
HOW the thing works.
References
John Bruin Dorothy Strachan
HOMO INTEREOGANS QUESTIONS THAT WORK
Ottawa UP, Ottawa, 2001 ST Press, Ottawa, 2001
Donald Norman Pete Moore
THE DESIGN OF EVERYDAY THINGS THE FORENSICS HANDBOOK
Basic Books, New York, 2002 Prospero Books, London, 2004
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80
81
PART VI
INFERENTIAL OPERATIORS
What are inferential operators?It is precisely here
that Herbert
Simon's concept of satisficing is relevant - doing the best you
cognitively can, given the information,
time, and interests you have, is all that anyone can reasonably
expect - work towards a plausible,
tentative estimate.
References
Nicholas Rescher Stephen Edelston Toulmin
COGNITIVE ECONOMY THE USES OF ARGUMENT
Pittsburgh UP, Pittsburgh, 1989 Cambridge UP, Cambridge, 1958
Guus Schreiber at al Elijsh Millgram
KNOWLEDGE ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICAL INDUCTION
MIT Press, Cambridge, 2000 Harvard UP, Cambridge, 1997
Peter Lipton
INFERENCE TO THE BEST EXPLANATION
Routledge, London, 1993
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APPLY
What to Apply?
Reference
Kline, Peter & Bernard Saunders Edward De Bono
TEN STEPS TO A LEARNING ORGANIZATION The CoRT Thinking Program
CD
Great Ocean Publishers, Arlington, 1993 Cavendish Information
Products
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82
APPRAISE
What to Appraise?The same principle
applies to
appraising a person — what initially appeared as inappropriate
behaviour could either
change through learning, or eventually be proven correct as
performance continued.
References
Larry May Charles Morris
THE SOCIALLY RESPONSIVE SELF ~ SIGNIFICATION AND SIGNIFICANCE
Chicago UP, Chicago, 1996 MIT Press, Cambridge, 1964
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83
ARRANGE
What to Arrange?Decide what it is you want to arrange —
what
do you want to set into a pattern: facts, concepts, theories,
plants, people, or whatever
variety of population you are looking at?Different kinds of phenomena lend
themselves
to different types of arrangements — the scale, granularity, and
context will vary both
qualitatively and quantitatively between animals and atoms, of
course — remember this to
keep your arranging ambitions realistic.Alas, it is
not so — the concept of a system is a human
contrivance, NOT a natural occurrence, and although such a schema
can be useful in
helping to organize one’s thinking, other systems, or no system at
all, can be just as valid.But there is no rule for
choosing the point of patterning — it takes
experience.Casting the net wider
may bring in crucial data that will clarify otherwise
obscure findings — or such new data may simply muddy what could
have been a good
formation.
References
Henri Focillon Eliel Saarinen
THE LIFE OF FORMS IN ART The Search for Form in Art and
Architecture
Zone Books, New York, 1989 [1934] Dover Books, New York, 1985
[1948]
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AUTHENTICATE
What to Authenticate?This is
another judgment call — the phenomena in
question will not carry a sign indicating when sufficient duration
has occurred to enable
and support an authentication — you have to remember, guess, or get
guidance.Crowell, New York, 1968
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85
CHOOSE
What to Choose?Decisions are distinct from choices, in that
a
decision involves resolution of uncertainty, whereas a choice
requires selection between
options — one decision could be “not to choose™ and one choice
could be “not to decide™.If the action
lies in the future however, changing circumstances may modify or
nullify the choice
anyway — hence the advice to “only cross that bridge when you come
to it”.Sometimes,
when to choose is predetermined by the way a
process or situation is structured — there may be a sequence of
steps or conditions that
preclude a choice point.In other cases it is
recognized
that a choice is possible, but many are reluctant to make it — by
not choosing they hope to
“keep their options open” or “not be manipulative” when it is felt
this is appropriate.THE PARADOX
OF CHOICE
MIT Press, Cambridge, 1996 Harper Perennial, New York, 2005
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86
CONFIRM
What to Confirm?Decide what it is you want to
confirm — if you settle on indicators (indirect evidence), instead
of looking at measures of
the phenomena (direct evidence), you will confirm some epiphenomena
rather than “the
real thing”.Becker
TRICKS OF THE TRADE: How To Think About Your Research While You’re
Doing It
University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1998
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87
DESIGNATE
What to Designate?Some people like to
establish the relationships and the rules before
their application actually occurs — this desire to plan ahead is
often rationalized as good
sense, but it may really just be temperamental.Others prefer to wait until the need
arises
and then take the plunge — is this pragmatism or just
procrastination?
References
John van Maurik
THE EFFECTIVE STRATEGIST
Gower Publishing, Hampshire, 1999
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88
EXPLICATE
What to Explicate?There are two notorious processes of
this kind — conflation, in which separate issues are treated as
just one;This is “benefit-cost
analysis™ applied to reasoning — it is the essence of
Herbert Simon’s concept of satisficing.All such
cognitive activity takes a certain amount
of time and effort — if the result is worth that time and effort,
then it is a good investment
of your attention, but otherwise you are wasting your cognitive
resources.Chaffee
THE USES OF ARGUMENT EXPLICATION
Cambridge UP, Cambridge, 1958 Sage Publications, Newbury Park,
1991
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89
FORETELL
What to Foretell?This operator focuses on one of
my central premises in constructing the MindMap — which I call “an
index of the whole of
human knowledge”.Knowledge is
both empowering and burdening — anyone
who doesn’t recognize this situation as just “two sides of the same
coin” doesn’t know
much.
References
William Ascher & William Overhold
STRATEGIC PLANNING AND FORECASTING
John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1983
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920
GENERALIZE
What to Generalize?Generalizing can be useful, but it is wise
to
keep in mind what is lost in the process — differences, details,
depth.The only answer is “it
all
depends” — but since such choices can make a difference, telling
which generalization
ou have in mind will preclude confusion — unless that is your
goal.Roberts Immanuel
Kant
THE NATURE OF STATISTICS ON EDUCATION
The Free Press, New York, 1956 Dover Books, Mineola, 2003
[1803]
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91
INVENT
What to Invent?
To invent is to contrive something new — but since nothing is
entirely new, some aspect
of'its configuration must differ from existing arrangements enough
to be considered an
original formation.Think analogously —
creative thinking is a process of “bisociation”, the
bringing together of elements previously not associated but
suddenly juxtaposed during a
flash of insight, or laboriously assembled through much cognitive
effort (Koestler, 1964).
References
Norbert Wiener Arthur Koestler
INVENTION THE ACT OF CREATION
MIT Press, Cambridge, 1993 [1954] Arcana, London, 1989 [1964]
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92
JUDGE
What to Judge?Dover, Mineola, 2003
[1803]
Academic Press, New York, 1998
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93
PARTICULARIZE
What to Particularize?At one
extreme the danger is that there will be no patience
to look at the details even if good practice demands it — this is
just epistemological
vanity.At the other extreme is
the tendency to become a perpetual fact-gatherer, an
information junkie — this is just a contemporary version of the
pack-rat complex — don’t!Rules (algorithms)
don’t apply, but rules-of-thumb (heuristics) do — its judgement
again, not of a moral kind
but simply an assessment of what “type” of situation you are
in.
References
Nigel Lesmoir-Gordon, Will Rood & Ralph Edney Immanual
Kant
INTRODUCING FRACTAL GEOMETRY ON EDUCATION
Icon Books, Cambridge, 2001 Dover, Mineola, 2003 [1803]
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RELATE
What to Relate?Various versions
of either one will suffice, provided the grounds for positing the
relationship are kept clear
— switching while in process gives inconsistency.Some kinds of relations are often thought of
as
“natural” — families, or species, or functions.The need may range all
the way from deciding your favourite
colour to choosing a mate — usually it is to reduce the cognitive
dissonance of confusion!Try to avoid a
major comparison or contrast (between notable things, or events, or
persons) on the basis
of a minor characteristic — this is often done to disguise the fact
that the real rationale for
positing the relationship is either antipathy or allegiance rather
than any substantive
attribute, but since this may seem petty or self-serving a proxy
feature is substituted.Ogden
OPPOSITION
Indiana UP, Bloomington, 1967 [1932]
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95
REPLICATE
What to Replicate?So ask
yourself if you want to replicate is the
exact entity or the feelings it induced in you — people often
confuse the two.The wise attitude is
“detached involvement” — holding on is a hang-up.If the entity still is serving its
function, it is a waste to replace it — I wear my clothes and my
watches out before getting
new ones, and so should any sensible person.If
it’s just a worn out key, get a new one — but there is no going
back to the original.Don’t
squander your time, efforts or money
trying to recreate the impossible — replace what you can, and
forget the rest.
References
John Dewey
HOW WE THINK
Prometheus Books, Buffalo, 1991 [1910]
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9%
REVISE
What to Revise?Early in my own case, I
came to a very useful conclusion (back in my high school
literature class) — what may initially appear to be the need for
major changes (of whatever
kind) can actually be feasibly achieved with minor (but strategic)
alterations.When composition is
delegated, be it for writing, music, blueprints, etc.,
requests for successive changes, all in the name of improvement,
usually have declining
marginal utility (and the decline curve is very steep) — the reason
is usually scope creep.
In most cases the perceived need for revisions to delegated work
arises because of poor
initial specification — what was wanted was not clearly stated,
perhaps not even clearly
known.
References
Michael Alley Nelson Phillips & Cynthia Hardy
THE CRAFT OF EDITING DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
Springer, New York, 2000 Sage, Thousand Oaks, 2002
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97
SUGGEST
What to Suggest?But make
the mandate clear: what kind of suggestions are you looking for —
form or substance?HOW TO SPEAK, HOW TO
LISTEN
Touchstone Books, New York, 1972 Touchstone Books, New York,
1983
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98
SUMMARIZE
What to Summarize?Summarizing is one
form of the process Herbert Simon called information chunking —
with the direction being
from the particular to the general.If your focus is (metaphorically) the end
point,
provide a summary — if you want to enjoy the journey (as well or
instead), do the full,
extended voyage (read or study the details).As Information Manager Dan Sullivan
shows,
the basic message in a book only occupies between 10% and 20% of
the total contents —
the rest is just elaboration, examples, and
repetition.
References
Dan Sullivan
DOCUMENT WAREHOUSING AND TEXT MINING
John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2001
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99
TAXONOMIZE
100
What to Taxonomize?There will be more general instances
and more particular instances — there will be various branches of
knowledge, each with
its “trunks” and “leaves”.It is the facility to
classify
information and then use it for action that represents part of the
pragmatics of knowing —
and knowledge can facilitate control, which Adler saw as the
primary human motivation.Scientific principles
are just guesses
with a more substantial evidentiary basis that your own hunches —
but, new evidence at
some future time will undoubtedly require revising the originally
proposed taxonomy.So the
question to ask is “What do I (or we) want the
taxonomy to accomplish?” Use the XML metaphor — it can always be
extended if the
need arises, so for the moment, keep it to the necessary
minimum.Start from the top
and
work down — clinical trials* have shown this to be the most
effective knowledge strategy.Novak
LEARNING, CREATING, AND USING KNOWLEDGE*
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, 1998
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TYPOLOGIZE
101
What to Typologize?It is the
facility to categorize information and then use it for action that
represents part of the
pragmatics of knowing — that facilitates control, which is a
primary human motivation.Scientific principles
are just guesses
with a more substantial evidentiary basis that your own hunches —
but, new evidence at
some future time will undoubtedly require revising the originally
proposed taxonomy.So the
question to ask is “What do I (or we) want the
typology to accomplish?” Use the chunking metaphor — information
can always be
further aggregated if the need arises, so begin with intuitive
boundaries.Bailey
TYPOLOGIES AND TAXONOMIES
Sage Publications, Thousand Oakes, 1994
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102
PART VII
THE GESTALT FRAME
What is the Gestalt Frame?Hussurl and his
followers took a “learning” or “conditioning” approach — which
basically contends that people
acquire their World-View from their social environment as young
children.
References
Edward de Bono Sergio Sinay
MECHANISM OF MIND GESTALT FOR BEGINNERS
Simon & Schuster, New York, 1969 Writers & Readers, New
York, 1998
Amitai Etzioni Peter McHugh
SOCIAL PROBLEMS DEFINING THE SITUATION
Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1976 Bobbs-Merrill, New York,
1968
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PHENOMENOLOGY
103
What is Phenomenology?Meehan
Don Ihde EXPLANATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE:
EXPERIMENTAL PHENOMENOLOGY A System Paradigm
SUNY, Albany, 1986 Dorsey Press, Homewood, 1968
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MORALITY
What is Morality?
References
Friedrich Nietzsche Jack Knight
ON THE GENEALOGY OF MORALS INSTITUTIONS AND SOCIAL
Vintage Books, New York, 1967 [1887] CONFLICT
Cambridge UP, New York, 1992
William Graham Sumner
FOLKWAYS Cristina Bicchieri
Dover, New York, 2002 [1906] THE GRAMMAR OF SOCIETY
Cambridge UP, New York, 2006
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PLAUSIBILITY
105
What is Plausibility?There is a joke that certain intellectuals
will
comment about a procedure that “Yes, I know it works in practice,
but does it work in theory?”
Both are correct, and either is acceptable.Correlate
Do you prefer to deal with case studies, particular instances —
or,
do you want the average of a series, whether the mode or
median?The basis for correlation is always some
feature, characteristic, or aspect that instances share — the basis
for differentiation is
something that instances do NOT share.Bailey
MATHSEMANTICS THE SAVING LIE: truth & method in social
science
Penguin Books, New York, 1994 Universtiy of Philadelphia Press,
Philadelphia, 2003
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PREFERENTIALITY
106
What is Preferentiality?
References
Nicholas Rescher George Lakoff & Mark Johnson
COGNITIVE HARMONY METAPHORS WE LIVE BY
Pittsburgh UP, Pittsburgh, 2005 Chicago UP, Chicago, 1980
Virginia Postrel
THE SUBSTANCE OF STYLE
Harper Perennial, New York, 2004
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107
PRACTICE IN USING THE GESTALT FRAME
The preceding section on The Gestalt Frame covers the four
archetypes of experiencing, namely
Phenomenology, Morality, Plausibility, and
Preferentiality.There are no definitive
answers to the above questions — it all depends upon what you
believe, and about your willingness to suspend your beliefs and
consider other possibilities.If you
reflect on this, you will realize that this is actually a
description of the situation we all find ourselves in — don’t
panic, or despair.
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108
FOLLOWING IMPLICATIONS
Cognitivity
"I think, and therefore I am" was Descartes' famous
dictum.Novak has
developed a paradigm of knowledge creation, learning, and use that
traces effective knowing to a
combination of cognitivity, affectivity, and methodology -
concepts, feelings, and skills must
work together to produce meaningful understanding (Novak,
1998).Novak Bertrand
Russell
LEARNING, CREATING AND USING KNOWLEDGE PROBLEMS OF PHILOSOPHY
Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, 1998 Oxford UP, London, 1960
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109
THE PRACTICE OF FOLLOWING IMPLICATIONS
What the Use of the MindMap Implies
Perhaps the most important set of implications of using the MindMap
involves the human context in
which the use occurs, namely the complementary roles of cognitivity
and affectivity in the Gestalt
Frame.It should always be kept
in mind that it is never the case with MindMap use that
cognitivity
opposes affectivity — it isn’t “either/or” but rather “one AND the
other”.When that
becomes a social tradition people will speak of a certain
concept as “inherently” either cognitive or affective — when in
human experience it always embodies
both.This is something to
look for — what aspects of a concept are being acknowledged, which
ignored?On the contrary — the
most important aspect of that courage is always taking note
of
the difference between “what you know” yourself and “the propaganda
line.” Why would you want to
bother with this?The best attitude to
take, is to see such situations as opportunities to create
something
which contributes to the greater good — so start by reiterating the
goal, and then show how further
considerations are needed for successful achievement.
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110
MANAGING YOUR SELF
Attention
The screen saver on both my home computer and my workplace computer
reads as follows:
"You learn something every day if you pay attention", a quote from
Ray LeBlond.We have found in
our work with both secondary school students and university
students that the majority would
prefer to get by with memorizing information rather than working to
build conceptual
understanding (Novak, 1998).Novak
UNDERSTANDING STUPIDITY LEARNING, CREATING AND USING
KNOWLEDGE
Mount Pleasant Press, Orient, 1986 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,
Mahwah, 1998
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111
LIFE LESSONS ON MANAGING YOUR SELF
Persistence
It usually takes considerable time to master the techniques of
Concept R&D and the use of the lists of
concepts in the MindMap.Another good
source of material is the coverage of the mass media, in all
its
forms, with all of the material presented — news stories, sports,
advertisements, weather, etc.This is part of the
social or political context
within which we all live — it is NOT a good idea to jeopardize your
existence or wellbeing just to prove
yourself “knowledgeable” or even “to do the right thing” (i.e., to
tell the truth or describe the facts).If that happens (and it
very
well might), that is the point to “step back™ and remind yourself
that knowledge work of any kind
requires the practice of Constructivism (inventing ideas if
needed), and the rejection of Fundamentalism
(taking a narrow, uncompromising position on issues).
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112
COORDINATING CONCLUSIONS
Coherence
In the MindMap, coherence concerns the coordination between your
perceptions and your
conceptual framework - your conditioning has got to coordinate with
your cognition.Smoking, poor quality diet, over-eating, lack
of
exercise, doing drugs - all of these are widely known forms of
self-destruction - yet more and
more people are afflicted - they are not working at aligning their
understanding and their actions.
References
Paul Thagard Sergio Senay & Pablo Blasberg
COHERENCE IN THOUGHT AND ACTION GESTALT FOR BEGINNERS
MIT Press, Cambridge, 2000 Writers & Readers, New York,
1998
Richard Fumerton John Dewey
REALISM & THE CORRESPONDENCE THEORY OF TRUTH HOW WE THINK
Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, 2002 Prometheus, Buffalo,
1991
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13
CONSIDERATIONS IN COORDINATING CONCLUSIONS
From Attention to Intention
Coordinating anything requires keeping a number of variables and
influences in mind rather than
just focusing on one issue or one point in time.For instance, I get a number of
electronic newsletters on health every week, I read them, and I use
what is relevant to help manage
my own health — similarly I use everything that comes my way that I
assess can add to my quality
of life.So, the
smart scientist uses those ideas to organize the search
for more facts — meaning that the coordination is going from ideas
and theories to facts
(rationalism) rather than from the evidence to
concepts.New ideas prompt a
search for new
facts, and new facts prompt the synthesis of new
ideas.Knowledge is like a
“rolling front” in a weather system — it keeps moving, so there
is
no stationary point from which to evaluate progress in any absolute
sense.
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114
Putting it all together to work for you!Cognitive — KW
situations
(MindMap) Processes (Concept R&D)
L $ }
Feedback to refresh, re-frame, reconsider
Preparation
Without the use of the concepts in the MindMap a person doesn’t
have sufficient tools to
enable them to adequately comprehend knowledge work.
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115
Evaluate Your MindMap Learning Now
After having read the book, do you think that you comprehend the
MindMap concepts?(this is also
a dead end!)
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116
COMPREHENSION CHECKS
The rationale for using the MindMap concepts individually is that
they each provide a succinct
tool for thinking (for separating relevant from irrelevant
information).
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perpetuity by William Patterson Sheridan
17
RECTIFICATION REQUISITES
In many cases the claim “I don’t understand” could more properly be
express as “I disagree.”
When people encounter a “disagreeable” idea they often find it hard
to accept that they are
actually perceiving it correctly — “there must be some mistake
here” may be the first thing that
comes to mind.It is not necessary to
believe in the authenticity or truth of a concept in order to
use it — you can temporarily suspend your disbelief and treat it as
a cognitive tool.
Copyright of this work is held completely, exclusively and in
perpetuity by William Patterson Sheridan
MindMap Bibliography
Ackoff, Russell L.
EVENT HISTORY ANALYSIS
Sage Publications, Newbury Park, 1984
Appignanesi, Richard & Chris Garratt
INTRODUCING POSTMODERNISM
Icon Books, Cambridge, 1995
Argyle, Michael
THE PSYCHOLOGY OF INTERPERSONAL BEHAVIOUR
Penguin, London, 1994
Ascher, William
FORECASTING
Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, 1978
Ascher, William & William Overhold
STRATEGIC PLANNING AND FORECASTING
John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1983
Ayer, Alfred
FOUNDATIONS OF EMPIRICAL KNOWLEDGE
Macmillan, London, 1951
Bailey, F.G.
THE SAVING LIE: Truth & Method in Social Science
University of Philadelphia Press, Philadelphia, 2003
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perpetuity by William Patterson Sheridan
118
119
Bailey, Kenneth D.
Academic Press, New York, 1998
Blackburn, Simon
DICTIONARY OF PHILOSOPHY
Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2005
Bowker, Geoffrey and Susan Star
SORTING THINGS OUT
MIT Press, Cambridge, 1999
Brown, Spencer
LAWS OF FORM
Crown Publishing, London, 1972
Bruin, John
HOMO INTERROGANS
Ottawa University Press, Ottawa, 2001
Copyright of this work is held completely, exclusively and in
perpetuity by William Patterson Sheridan
Bullock, Allan
THE HUMANIST TRADITION IN THE WEST
W.W.Norton, New York, 1988
Bunge, Mario
CAUSALITY
Meridian Books, New York, 1963
Burke, James
THE PINBALL EFFECT
Little, Brown & Co., Boston, 1996
Buzan, Tony
THE MINDMAP BOOK
BBC Books, London, 1993
Cavallaro, Dani & Carline Vago-Hugher
ART FOR BEGINNERS
Writers and Readers Publishing, New York, 2000
Chaffee, Steven H.
TERMS OF INQUIRY
Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2005
De Bono, Edward
MECHANISM OF MIND
Simon & Schuster, New York, 1969
De Bono, Edward
THE USES OF LATERAL THINKING
Penguin, London, 1971
De Bono, Edward
The CoRT Thinking Program CD
Cavendish Information Products
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perpetuity by William Patterson Sheridan
120
De Bono, Edward
THE HAPPINESS PURPOSE
Penguin, London, 1990
John Dewey
HOW WE THINK
Prometheus Books, Buffalo, 1991 [1911]
Dewey, John
THE QUEST FOR CERTAINTY
Putnam, New York, 1960 [1929]
John Dewey
THEORY OF VALUATION
U.of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1939
Drexler, Eric
ENGINES OF CREATION
Anchor Books, Garden City, 1987
Peter Drucker
MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES OF THE 21ST CENTURY
HarperBusiness, New York, 1999
Dubrow, Heather
GENRE
Methuen, London, 1982
Elias, Norbert
INVOLVEMENT AND DETACHMENT
Blackwell, Oxford, 1987
Elias, Norbert
THE SYMBOL THEORY
Sage Publications, London, 1991
Ellul, Jacques
PROPAGANDA
Vintage Books, New York, 1973 [1965]
Etzioni, Amitai
SOCIAL PROBLEMS
Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1976
Farrell, B.A.
Fontana Press, London, 1988
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perpetuity by William Patterson Sheridan
121
Finke, Ronald A., Thomas B.Smith
CREATIVE COGNITION
MIT Press, Cambridge, 1992
Focillon, Henri
THE LIFE OF FORMS IN ART
Zone Books, New York, 1989 [1934]
Flora, Steven Ray
THE POWER OF REINFORCEMENT
SUNY Press, Albany, 2004
Flynn, Thomas R.
WAYFINDING BEHAVIOUR
Johns Hopkins UP, Baltimore, 1999
Gurswitch, Aron
PHENOMENOLOGY AND THE THEORY OF SCIENCE
Northwestern University Press, Evanston, 1974
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perpetuity by William Patterson Sheridan
122
Hanks, Kurt, Larry Belliston & Dave Edwards
DESIGN YOURSELF!Norton, New York, 2004
Hawley, Amos
HUMAN ECOLOGY: A Theoretical Essay
University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1986
Heath, Duncan & Judy Boreham
INTRODUCING ROMANTICISM
Icon Books, Cambridge, 1999
Henkel, Ramon
TESTS OF SIGNIFICANCE
Sage Publications, Newbury Park, 1976
Horowitz, Allan V.
GLOBAL RELIGIONS
Oxford University Press, New York, 2003
Kant, Immanuel
ON EDUCATION
Dover Books, Mineola, 2003 [1803]
Kesselman-Turkel, Judi & Franklynn Peterson
RESEARCH SHORTCUTS
Contemporary Books, Chicago, 1983
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perpetuity by William Patterson Sheridan
123
Klein, Gary
WORKING MINDS
MIT Press, Cambridge, 2006
Kline, Peter & Bernard Saunders
TEN STEPS TO A LEARNING ORGANIZATION
Great Ocean Publishers, Arlington, 1993
Knight, Jack
INSTITUTIONS AND SOCIAL CONFLICT
Cambridge University Press, New York, 1992
Koestler, Arthur
THE ACT OF CREATION
Arkana, London, 1989 [1964]
Koch, Richard
THE 80/20 INDIVIDUAL
Doubleday, New York, 2003
Kukla, Andre
MIND TRAPS
Doubleday Canada, Toronto, 2006
Lakoff, George & Mark Johnson
METAPHORS WE LIVE BY
Chicago University Press, Chicago, 1980
Langer, Suzanne
FEELING AND FORM
Scribner Book Company, New York, 1977
Langer, Suzanne
MIND: An Essay on Human Feeling
Johns Hopkins UP, Baltimore, 1988
Lesmoir-Gordon, Nigel, Will Rood & Ralph Edney
INTRODUCING FRACTAL GEOMETRY
Icon Books, Cambridge, 2001
Lewis, Clarence Irving
MIND AND THE WORLD ORDER
Dover, Mineola, 1991 [1929]
Lidwell, William, Kritina Holden & Jill Butler
UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
Rockport Publishers, Gloucester, 2003
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perpetuity by William Patterson Sheridan
124
Lipton, Peter
INFERENCE TO THE BEST EXPLANATION
Routledge, London, 1993
MacDonald, John
CALLING A HALT TO MINDLESS CHANGE
AMACOM, New York, 1998
MacKay, Donald M.
INFORMATION, MECHANISM AND MEANING
MIT Press, Cambridge, 1969
Mahoney, David & Richard Restack
THE LONGEVITY STRATEGY
John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1998
MacNeal, Edward
MATHSEMANTICS
Penguin Books, New York, 1994
McHugh, Peter
DEFINING THE SITUATION
Bobbs-Merrill, New York, 1968
Martin, Robert M.
REAL-WORLD INTELLIGENCE
Grove Weidenfeld, New York, 1987
Millgram, Elijah
PRACTICAL INDUCTION
Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1997
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perpetuity by William Patterson Sheridan
125
Moore, Pete
THE FORENSICS HANDBOOK
Prospero Books, London, 2004
Morris, Charles
SIGNIFICATION AND SIGNIFICANCE
MIT Press, Cambridge, 1964
Muecke, Douglas C.May
THINKING IN TIME
The Free Press, New York, 1986
Neitzsche, Freidrich
BEYOND GOOD AND EVIL
Vintage Books, New York, 1966 [1886]
Nietzsche, Freidrich
ON THE GENEALOGY OF MORALS
Vintage Books, New York, 1967 [1887]
North, Richard
THE REAL COST
Chatto & Windus, London, 1986
Nosich, Gerald M.
OPPOSITION
Indiana UP, Bloomington, 1967 [1932]
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perpetuity by William Patterson Sheridan
126
Ohmae, Kenichi
THE MIND OF THE STRATEGIST
Penguin, New York, 1982
Palmer, Donald D.
A DIGEST OF PURPOSIVE VALUES
University of California Press, Berkeley, 1947
Petherick, Karen
STATISTICS AND DATA ANALY SIS
Coles Publishing, Toronto, 2005
Phillips, Nelson & Cynthia Hardy
DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, 2002
Postman, Neil
AMUSING OURSELVES TO DEATH
Penguin Books, New York, 1985
Postrel, Virginai
THE SUBSTANCE OF STYLE: Remaking of Commerce, Culture, and
Consciousness
Harper Perennial, New York, 2004
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perpetuity by William Patterson Sheridan
127
Powell, Jim & Joe Lee
EASTERN PHILOSOPHY FOR BEGINNERS
Readers and Writers Publishing, Danbury, 2000
Powell, Jim & Joe Lee
DECONSTRUCTION FOR BEGINNERS
Readers and Writers Publishing, Danbury, 2005
Rand, Ayn
THE ROMANTIC MANIFESTO
Signet Books, New York, 1971
Rescher, Nicholas
COGNITIVE ECONOMY
University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, 1989
Rescher, Nicholas
A USEFUL INHERITANCE
Rowman & Littlefield, Savage, 1990
Rescher, Nicholas
REALISM AND PRAGMATIC EPISTEMOLOGY
Pittsburgh University Press, Pittsburgh, 2005
Rescher, Nicholas
COGNITIVE HARMONY
Pittsburgh UP, Pittsburgh, 2005
Rhodes, Jerry
CONCEPTUAL TOOLMAKING
Blackwell, Oxford, 1991
Russell, Bertrand
PROBLEMS OF PHILOSOPHY
Oxford University Press, London, 1960
Saarinen, Eliel
THE SEARCH FOR FORM IN ART AND ARCHITECTURE
Dover Books, New York, 1985 [1948]
Sack, Robert David
HUMAN TERRITORALITY
Cambridge University Press, New York, 1986
Sardar, Ziauddin & Borin Van Loon
INTRODUCING CULTURAL STUDIES
Icon Books, Cambridge, 1997
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128
Sardar, Ziauddin & Borin Van Loon
INTRODUCING MEDIA STUDIES
Icon Books, Cambridge, 2000
Schiffer, Michael Brian
THE MATERIAL LIFE OF HUMAN BEINGS
Routledge, New York, 1999
Schreiber, Guus at al
KNOWLEDGE ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
MIT Press, Cambridge, 2000
Schwartz, Barry
THE PARADOX OF CHOICE
Harper Perennial, New York, 2005
Seligman, Martin
AUTHENTIC HAPPINESS
The Free Press, New York, 2004
Searle, John
THE CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIAL REALITY
The Free Press, New York, 1997
Searle, John
RATIONALITY IN ACTION
MIT Press, Cambridge, 2003
Sim, Stuart & Borin Van Loon
INTRODUCING CRITICAL THEORY
Icon Books, Cambridge, 2001
Simon, Herbert
SCIENCES OF THE ARTIFICIAL, 3rd ed.
SOCIOCULTURAL CAUSALITY, SPACE, TIME
Russell and Russell, New York, 1964 [1943]
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129
Sparkes, A.W.
HYPOTHESIS & EVIDENCE
Thomas Crowell, New York, 1968
Sterling, Bruce
SHAPING THINGS
MIT Press, Cambridge, 2005
Strachan, Dorothy
QUESTIONS THAT WORK
ST Press, Ottawa, 2001
Sullivan, Dan
DOCUMENT WAREHOUSING AND TEXT MINING
John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2001
Tainter, Joseph A.
Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2006
Toulmin, Stephen
THE ROLE OF REASON IN ETHICS
Cambridge University Press, London, 1951
Toulmin, Stephen
THE USES OF ARGUMENT
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1958
Toulmin, Stephen
RETURN TO REASON
Harvard University Press, Boston, 2001
Tuan, Yi-fu
TOPOPHILIA
Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1974
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130
van Maurik, John
THE EFFECTIVE STRATEGIST
Gower Publishing, Hampshire, 1999
Vestal, Wesley
MAPPING KNOWLEDGE
APQC Press, Houston, 2005
Wackernagel, Mathias & William Rees
OUR ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT
New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island, 1996
Wallis, W.Roberts
THE NATURE OF STATISTICS ON EDUCATION
The Free Press, New York, 1956
Walsch, Neale Donald
TOMORROW’S GOD
Atria Books, New York, 2004
Welles, James F.
DECONSTRUCTION AS ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY
Stanford University Press, Stanford, 2000
Wiener, Norbert
INVENTION
MIT Press, Cambridge, 1993 [1954]
Zerubavel, Eviatar
HIDDEN RYTHMS: Schedules and Calendars in Social Life
University of California Press, Berkeley, 1981
Zunder, Rosamund Stone & Benjamin Zunder
THE ART OF POSSIBILITY: Transforming Professional and Personal
Life
Penguin Books, New York, 2000
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131
The Aim of Education
“The aim of education should be to teach us rather how to
think than what to think — rather to improve our minds, so as
to enable us to think for ourselves, than to load the memory
with thoughts of other men.”
- James Beattie (1735-1803)
A Skill-Testing Question
‘What kind of book is this?