• ({Instructional} Technology). IT is usually a toolkit application that is predetermined and even institutionalized with little, if any, user discretion, choice, or leverage. IT tends to be top-down, designer determined, administratively driven, commercially fashioned. In participatory learning, outcomes are typically customizable by the participants.
• Most university education, certainly, is founded on ideas of individual training, discrete disciplines, and isolated achievement and accomplishment.
• Too many conventional modes of learning tend to be passive, lecture driven, hierarchical, and largely unidirectional from instructor to student.

• Traditionally, institutions have been thought about in terms of rules, regulations, norms governing interactivity, production, and distribution within the institutional structure.
• Network culture and The Future of Learning Institutions in a Digital Age associated learning practices and arrangements suggest that we think of institutions, especially those promoting learning, as mobilizing networks. The networks enable a mobilizing that stresses flexibility, interactivity, and outcome
• an increasingly horizontal structure of learning puts pressure on how learning institutions schools, colleges, universities, and their surrounding support apparatuses enable learning. Institutional education has tended to be authoritative, top-down, standardized, and predicated on individuated assessment measured on standard tests. Increasingly today, work regimes involve collaboration with colleagues in teams

from Future of Learning -MITPress